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Turkmenistan

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WHY TURKMENISTAN?

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With over 7 million people, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations located on the Asian continent. Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, a founding member of TÜRKSOY (the International Organization of Turkic Culture) and a member of the United Nations.

The country possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Turkmenistan is a member of the Economic Co-operation Organisation, which brings together the former republics of the southern Soviet Union with Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Turkey. The government is particularly interested in encouraging foreign investment in a number of areas, including oil and gas production and refining; agricultural production and processing (particularly in cotton); consumer goods; export-orientated products; research and development; environmental protection and infrastructure. The Turkmen government has put a number of measures in place to encourage foreign investment. Free Enterprise Economic Zones (one in each of the eight velayat (regions)) have been created with special incentives for companies that invest in them. These include: no import duties, a three-year tax holiday from the start of production, with a further 13 years of reduced taxes; full-profit repatriation and a swifter licensing procedure. Concerns which are 100% foreign owned must be sited in Free Enterprise Economic Zones, but joint ventures may be set up anywhere.

ADVANTAGES​

Natural Resources:

Home to the world's fourth-largest proven natural gas reserves, offering massive opportunities in the oil, gas, and petrochemical sectors, requiring foreign technology and investment.

Strategic Location:

Positioned as a key transit hub (TRACECA, INSTC) linking China, Europe, and Russia, benefiting from growing demand for alternative transport corridors.

Government Incentives:

Offers tax breaks (low corporate tax, VAT/duty exemptions), financial support, and fast-track registration for priority sectors like energy, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Stability & Security:

Considered a stable and peaceful country in Central Asia, reducing security risks for businesses.

Economic Diversification:

Government efforts to diversify beyond gas create opportunities in infrastructure, agriculture, and manufacturing, with high investment in fixed capital.

Market Access:

Proximity to large markets (China, Russia) and participation in trade agreements offer export potential.

TAX REGIME

Personal Income Tax (PIT):

10% flat rate for residents and non-residents, collected by employers under the Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) system.

Corporate Income Tax (CIT):

8% for resident non-governmental entities; 20% for non-residents or entities under the Petroleum Law. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) may qualify for a lower 2% rate.

Value Added Tax (VAT):

Standard 15%, with zero-rating for exports (excluding oil/gas) and international transport.

Withholding Taxes:

Generally 15% on dividends, interest, and royalties, though rates vary for residents/non-residents and treaty applications.

TURKMENISTAN COMPANIES

Common Business Entities

• Limited Liability Company (LLC): The most common choice, requiring at least two shareholders (individuals or corporate) and a minimum share capital (around $20,000 for foreign-owned).

• Joint Stock Company (JSC): Capital divided into shares; can be open (publicly traded) or closed (shares for founders).

• Branch Office: An extension of a foreign parent company, used for operational activities.

• Representative Office: A non-commercial entity for market research or liaison, not direct commercial activity.

Other Structures

• Sole Proprietorship: A business run by a single individual.

• Partnerships: Both general and limited partnership forms exist

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Located in western-central South America, the landlocked Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia) is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru which shares with the country control of Lago Titicaca, the world’s highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m). The largest city and principal industrial center are Santa Cruz de la Sierra,

Author: Chandrawat & Partners

Topic: Doing Business in Bolivia

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About Us

Chandrawat & Partners stands as a dynamic and rapidly expanding full-service firm, specializing in the delivery of exceptional professional and corporate services to a diverse clientele, both foreign and local. We proudly represent companies and individuals across a wide spectrum of sectors through distinct entities established in various countries worldwide.

About Us

Chandrawat & Partners stands as a dynamic and rapidly expanding full-service firm, specializing in the delivery of exceptional professional and corporate services to a diverse clientele, both foreign and local. We proudly represent companies and individuals across a wide spectrum of sectors through distinct entities established in various countries worldwide.

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